Russian Jewish Surnames and Meanings

Russian Jewish surnames reflect a rich tapestry of history, culture, and tradition. Originating from diverse regions and influenced by various languages, these surnames often carry significant meaning, revealing ancestral lineage, occupations, or geographical roots. Exploring the origins and evolution of Russian Jewish surnames not only sheds light on individual family histories but also provides insight into the broader narrative of Jewish life in Russia. 

In this guide, we will discover the origins, practices, and significance of Russian Jewish surnames, offering insights that might just spark your curiosity or aid in your genealogical research.

The Origin of Russian Jewish Surnames

The history of Russian Jewish surnames is as complex as it is intriguing. Before the 18th century, most Jews in Russia didn't have fixed surnames. Instead, they often used patronymic names, identifying themselves by their father's first name. For example, Yitzhak ben Moshe would mean "Isaac, son of Moses." This practice began to change in the late 1700s when Russian authorities started requiring Jews to adopt permanent surnames for administrative purposes.

Forced to choose surnames, many Jews selected names based on their occupations, physical characteristics, or place of origin. For instance, a tailor might become Portnoy (Russian for "tailor"), while someone from the town of Berdichev might adopt Berdichevsky. These names were not just labels but encapsulated stories and identities, preserving a piece of the family's heritage for generations to come.

Russian Jewish Surname Practices

In Russian Jewish communities, surnames often fall into several distinct categories. Understanding these can provide valuable context for genealogical research.

Patronymic Names

Patronymic names derive from a paternal ancestor. For example, Abramovich means "son of Abraham or Abram," while Davidovich means "son of David." This naming convention was widespread and remains a common practice in many cultures.  

Occupational Names  

Many Russian Jewish surnames were derived from the occupations of their bearers. Names like Kuznets ("blacksmith") and Melamed ("teacher") offer clues about the ancestral professions of a family.  

Geographic Origin Names  

Geographic surnames indicate the family's place of origin. Moskowitz ("from Moscow") suggests a connection to Moscow, while Polonsky ("from Poland") could indicate roots in Poland. These names can serve as a roadmap for tracing your family's migration patterns.  

Descriptive Names  

Some surnames describe physical or character traits. Names like Gordon ("round" or "fat") and Shapiro ("handsome") fall into this category, offering a more personal glimpse into the identities of ancestors.

The Most Common Russian Jewish Surnames

Here are some of the most common Russian Jewish surnames, along with their meanings. These names have been borne by countless individuals, each with their unique story.

1. Abramovich - Meaning "son of Abraham." A patronymic name commonly found among Jews.  
2. Berman - Meaning "bear man." Likely derived from the Middle High German "ber" meaning bear.  
3. Gordon - Meaning "round" or "fat." A descriptive surname.  
4. Katz - Meaning "priest." An acronym derived from the Hebrew words Kohen Tzedek.  
5. Levin - Meaning "lion." A common surname among Jews, symbolizing strength.  
6. Moskowitz - Meaning "from Moscow." Indicates geographic origin.  
7. Rosenberg - Meaning "rose mountain." Often indicative of a place or familial trait.  
8. Schapiro - Meaning "handsome." A descriptive surname.  
9. Weinstein - Meaning "wine stone." Likely related to the occupation of winemaking.  
10. Zuckerman - Meaning "sugar man." Possibly related to the trade of sugar or sweets.

The Most Popular Russian Jewish Last Names With Meanings

These popular surnames hold special significance and are widely recognized within the Russian Jewish community.

1. Berkowitz - Meaning "son of Baruch." A patronymic name.  
2. Blum - Meaning "flower." A name denoting beauty and nature.  
3. Cohen - Meaning "priest." A significant name among Jews, often indicating a direct line to the priestly class.  
4. Goldstein - Meaning "gold stone." Likely indicative of wealth or occupation.  
5. Horowitz - Meaning "from Horovice." Originates from a town in Bohemia.  
6. Jaffe - Meaning "beautiful." A descriptive name, often indicative of physical appearance.  
7. Kaplan - Meaning "chaplain." Likely related to religious duties.  
8. Rabinovich - Meaning "son of the rabbi." A patronymic name indicating a connection to religious leadership.  
9. Shapiro - Meaning "handsome." A recurrent descriptive surname.  
10. Wasserman - Meaning "water man." Possibly related to occupation or geographic features.

Famous Russian Jewish Last Names (With English Translations)

The following surnames not only carry historical significance but are also associated with notable figures.

1. Bernstein - Meaning "amber stone," this name is famously associated with Leonard Bernstein, the renowned conductor and composer.  
2. Chagall - Meaning "bald," this name is linked to Marc Chagall, a celebrated artist known for his vibrant works.  
3. Einstein - Meaning "one stone," this name is famously borne by Albert Einstein, the renowned physicist who revolutionized our understanding of space and time.  
4. Ginsburg - Meaning "Günzburg," this name is closely associated with Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the iconic U.S. Supreme Court Justice known for her advocacy for gender equality.  
5. Kissinger - Meaning "from Kissingen," this name is famously linked to Henry Kissinger, the former U.S. Secretary of State who played a significant role in international relations.  
6. Meir - Meaning "illuminating," this name is associated with Golda Meir, Israel's fourth Prime Minister, who was a prominent figure in Israeli politics.  
7. Rubinstein - Meaning "ruby stone," this name is famously borne by Arthur Rubinstein, a celebrated pianist known for his extraordinary performances.  
8. Rothschild - Meaning "red shield," this name is historically linked to Mayer Amschel Rothschild, the founder of the influential Rothschild banking dynasty.  
9. Sachs - Meaning "Saxon," this name is notably associated with Goldman Sachs, co-founded by notable figures in investment banking.  
10. Trotsky - Meaning "of Trots," this name is famously linked to Leon Trotsky, the revolutionary leader known for his role in the Russian Revolution.

Summing Up Russian Jewish Surnames

In conclusion, Russian Jewish surnames carry a rich tapestry of history, culture, and identity. They reflect the diverse experiences of Jewish communities throughout Russia and the broader Eastern European region. Understanding these surnames not only provides insight into individual family histories but also contributes to a greater appreciation of the Jewish heritage and its resilience over time. As we explore the meanings and origins of these surnames, we honor the stories of the countless individuals who have shaped the Jewish narrative in Russia.

What Jewish Ancestry Is in Russia?

Jewish ancestry in Russia primarily traces back to Ashkenazi Jews, who migrated to Eastern Europe. Many families have roots in areas like Ukraine and Poland, which contributed significantly to the Jewish population in Russia. Historical events, including the Pale of Settlement, played a crucial role in shaping this ancestry.

What Are Russian Jews Called?

Russian Jews are often referred to as "Russified Jews" or "Russian-speaking Jews." They may also identify with specific ethnic groups, such as Ashkenazi or Sephardic Jews, depending on their heritage and cultural background. The term "Yiddish-speaking Jews" may also be used, particularly for those preserving Yiddish culture.

What Is a Russian Jewish Last Name?

Common Russian Jewish last names include Cohen, Levy, and Katz, which signify priestly or Levite heritage. Other surnames, like Rosenberg, Goldberg, and Friedman, often reflect the cultural blend of Jewish and Slavic influences. These names often carry historical significance within Jewish communities.

What Are the Jewish Names in the Russian Empire?

In the Russian Empire, Jewish names often included patronymics or surnames derived from occupations, geographic locations, or personal characteristics. Names like Abramovich ("son of Abram") and names reflecting trades, such as Goldsmith or Weaver, were common. Many names also indicated regional origin within the empire.